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Civilized Shamans Buddhism in Tibetan Societies By Geoffrey Samuel [pdf]

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Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies By Geoffrey Samuel
1993 |
640 Pages | ISBN: 1560982314 | PDF | 7 MB



Civilized Shamans examines the nature and evolution of
religion in Tibetan societies from the ninth century up to the Chinese occupation in 1950. Geoffrey Samuel argues that
religion in these societies developed as a dynamic amalgam of strands of Indian Buddhism and the indigenous spirit-cults
of Tibet. Samuel stresses the diversity of Tibetan societies, demonstrating that central Tibet, the Dalai Lama's
government at Lhasa, and the great monastic institutions around Lhasa formed only a part of the context within which
Tibetan Buddhism matured. Employing anthropological research, historical inquiry, rich interview material, and a deep
understanding of religious texts, the author explores the relationship between Tibet's social and political institutions
and the emergence of new modes of consciousness that characterize Tibetan Buddhist spirituality. Samuel identifies the
two main orientations of this religion as clerical (primarily monastic) and shamanic (associated with Tantric yoga). The
specific form that Buddhism has taken in Tibet is rooted in the pursuit of enlightenment by a minority of the people -
lamas, monks, and yogins - and the desire for shamanic services (in quest of health, long life, and prosperity) by the
majority. Shamanic traditions of achieving altered states of consciousness have been incorporated into Tantric Buddhism,
which aims to communicate with Tantric deities through yoga. The author contends that this incorporation forms the basis
for much of the Tibetan lamas' role in their society and that their subtle scholarship reflects the many ways in which
they have reconciled the shamanic and clerical orientations. This book, the first full account of Tibetan Buddhism in
two decades, ranges as no other study has over several disciplines and languages, incorporating historical and
anthropological discussion. Viewing Tibetan Buddhism as one of the great spiritual and psychological achievements of
humanity, Samuel analyzes a complex society that combines the literacy and rationality associated with centralized
states with the shamanic processes more familiar among tribal peoples.

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